I would say that the grip replacement is significant. On the P238/938, the trigger bar is "sandwiched" between the left grip panel and the mag and that helps keep the bar positioned under the disconnector which keeps it from sliding out of the notch in the frame. An aftermarket grip panel may not be providing the proper support or may even be pushing the trigger bar out of position. What brand grips did you install?
If the disconnector is missing (or not positioned over the trigger bar), the trigger bar won't be pushed down to clear the sear as the slide cycles during firing and the hammer won't remain cocked. If you manually cycle the slide, the hammer will remain cocked but only if you release the trigger before racking the slide.
Have you reinstalled the disconnector?
Edit: Here's a pic of the disconnector. Note, the top of the disconnector angles UP to the rear of the pistol.